Electron Movement in a Dielectric

Understanding how electrons move through and interact with a dielectric material is instrumental in understanding capacitance or gravity. When electrons are more plentiful and active voltage is found to be more negative. The more negative voltage area is going to have electrons emanating from it. These electrons will fly relatively fast and straight. A dielectric material will backfill the fast electron with an electron moving in a more erratic manner.

There is a lot of space between atoms in a medium. This allows electrons moving from a more negatively charged region to a less negatively charged medium. The atoms the electron passes along the way may give up electrons to backfill the fast electron that blew past. How fast this backfill process happens depends on the root mean squared speed of electrons at that point in space. 

Electron movement is generally more ordered when an electron moves from negative to positive. This is because there is generally a lot of space between atoms.  Less ordered is the movement when moving from positive to negative. This is because the electrons will wander back at the local root mean squared speed to backfill a fast moving electron going from a more negative environment to a more positive environment. Electrons shoot one way and bubble back to fill the charge balance from the electron that blasted away.

Capacitance and Gravity

Understanding how electrons move through and interact with a dielectric material is instrumental in understanding capacitance or gravity. When electrons are more plentiful and active voltage is found to be more negative. The more negative voltage area is going to have electrons emanating from it. These electrons will fly relatively fast and straight. A dielectric material will back-fill the fast electrons with electrons moving in a more erratic manner in the other direction.

There is a lot of space between atoms in a medium. This allows certain electrons to take off statistically according to the Poisson distribution. The electrons that take off will leave a charge imbalance behind. Electrons move with a speed that is a fraction of the speed of light. That is to say electrons move very quickly. Electrons will move in to replace the electron that took off from the more negative region.

Electron movement is more ordered when an electron moves from negative to positive. Less ordered is the movement when moving from positive to negative. Electrons shoot one way and bubble back to fill the charge balance from the electron that blasted away.

This is true in a capacitor. A planet also acts in this way. Not only do electrons bubble back to fill in for escaped charge but positive ions are pulled in as well creating gravity.

Capacitors have electrons jumping from the more negative plate towards the positive plate. Electrons in the dielectric instantly back-fill the escaped electron from the negative plate. Eventually the back-fill electrons have enough kinetic energy to store Joules of capacitive energy.

Patterns of Electron Movement

There are massive numbers of electrons that move through any system under consideration. It is fair to say that electrons move as a group in a pattern or they move perfectly randomly. A group or a pattern of electrons moves in a predictable way through an electric or electronic circuit. Random movements of electrons around the nuclei of atoms represents heat.

The root mean squared speed of an electron moving randomly is measured as a fraction of the speed of light. Electrons are often used to exchange heat between various parts of a solid, liquid or gas. My BBQ outside is hot but there is no net movements of ions or electrons in the BBQ itself yet the electrons must be moving at a rate of speed that is hard to measure using modern instruments.

Contrast static electrical phenomenon with the movement of electrons in a group. It has been found that the only way to do this is in a circuit. When a large group of electrons move in the same manner they have to find a way towards charge balance. No part of a circuit can escape charge balance. So again, we want to understand how statistically and in large groups how electrons behave.

Start, if you will, with the various types of impedance that have been identified. These impedance take the form of linear differential equations with respect to charge. Do the various impedance; inductive, resistive and capacitive, have any bearing on the statistical movement of electrons in a group? I will submit to you the answer is a resounding yes.

The movement of electrons through any medium with resistance is the subject of any elementary electromagnetic text book. Electrons are accelerated to extreme speeds and then they collide with the lattice and move sideways or backwards.

Inductance is more interesting. Inductance implies inducing a magnetic field. The electron field of an inductive part is a curling vector field - the electron field. This curl interacts with other curling fields or creates other curling fields. This is how magnetic materials attract. Inductive electron fields are turbulent. These fields rotate in a circle. This happens naturally on a transmission line electrons explode from the line and rotate as they pass multiple atoms in the dielectric as a wave does past a stationary object.

How exactly does a capacitor or a transmission line store energy in a capacitave electric field? The form and distribution of electron movement within a capacitor. Electrons will dive into a capacitor but will be quickly back-filled by electrons in the dielectric. As the diving electron moves through the dielectric the back-fill property of the dielectric will continue. Electrons will be diving quickly in one direction and bubbling (back-filling) in the other direction until the kinetic energy of electrons in both directions is equal and the capacitor is fully charged. 

Attraction Gravity and Relative Pressures

Particles seem to attract each other. The particles loose kinetic energy and gain gravitational energy as they collide in a non-elastic manner. When particles are in proximity to each other they have been observed to have the London forces pulling them together. This fundamental force is the result of the electron pressure being higher on the outside of a mass when compared to the inside of a mass.

The electrons on the inside of a mass have a higher propensity than the ions to push outwards with higher kinetic energy. This energy dissipates as the electron moves to the outside of the mass. Electrons and ions back-fill the escaping electrons causing the gravitational effect including the London force.

The relative pressure of the electrons is higher as one moves towards the periphery of a mass. This high relative pressure forces the nucleus of various atoms towards the center of mass. Lower energy electrons move towards the center of mass as well.

The Movement of Ions and Electrons and Gravity

Capacitance stores voltage between plates or charge on the plates. Energy is said to be stored between the plates of a capacitor in an electric field. The electric field exists in a dielectric. A dielectric is a material that does not conduct electricity. Contrasting good conductors and dielectrics may be a worth while exercise. How do the electrons move in both cases?

If a negative voltage is presented at one end of a good conductor the surplus electrons with relatively high root-mean-squared speed is injected into the wire. The high root-mean-squared speed will dissipate over the more free electrons in the conducting lattice of copper or aluminium. Furthermore, the excess electrons will exert significant pressure in an attempt to reach an equilibrium number of electrons relative to the number of electrons the element prefers to keep in its outer shells. If a positive voltage is presented at the conductor then electrical tension not pressure will ensue.

If a negative voltage is presented at one end of a capacitor the charge will dive into the dielectric towards the opposing plate. The root mean squared speed of the electron will dissipate as the electron moves through the dielectric. Another really important thing will happen. In a dielectric, electrons will quickly back-fill the charged electron that has moved through the dielectric. This back-fill property is important because it serves to mitigate the charge at the active plate of the capacitor. The energy in a capacitor is thus stored in an electron dance and back-fill property where electrons slow down and continue to move within the dielectric of the capacitor.

Eventually, when a capacitor is charged, the back-fill electrons are moving with the same root-mean-squared charge as the charging electron group. The dielectric is alive with kinetic electrons carrying as much energy back to the charging plate as the charging plate is attempting to dissipate to the return plate.

The electrons in a capacitor or a large mass may be seen to have two groups of velocities. The charged electrons move at a faster root-mean-squared velocity and have more kinetic energy. This kinetic energy dissipates as the electron moves through space. In a charged capacitor the two groups of velocities are the same.

Gravity and capacitance are similar phenomenon. Both have the kinetic charge and back-fill return of the electron. What becomes evident is that the back-fill return applies not just to electrons. Ions may be swept in the back-fill process. The kinetic electrons move from the center of the Earth outwards and then the back-filled ions and electrons move towards the center of mass. This is what pulls an apple to the Earth or what defines the orbit of the International Space Station.