The statistics related to electrons' movement are fascinating. The root mean squared speed of an electron may be one one hundredth the speed of light at times. This is faster movement than the average human can comprehend. The particles are so fundamental to our knowledge of electro-magnetism and they must flow through materials like a fluid if they're moving that fast. Do they rotate or spin in an orbital very tight orbital?

The electron is described as a point charge but no doubt its wave properties would also allow for refraction. Electrons must swap orbitals but how often are orbitals swapped? Where does our body of knowledge concerning the electromagnetic properties of fundamental chemistry begin and end?

Can we use the exponential distribution to model the frequency with which electrons change orbitals and the speed with which an electron, in a given orbital, switches nuclei? Knowing what distribution the change in nuclei takes would give us insight into the mean length of time an individual electron stays with one nucleus. I'd wager that the answer is a very brief period of time.

Electromagnetism at the atomic level has been hard for electrical engineers to describe. Uncertainty principles have probably kept scientists from exploring electromagnetism at the ionic level. Still devices are needed, in space, to ground to plasma and then we need to have a firm understanding of what the voltage of an ion or electron temperature is.

If refraction between wave particles keep electrons moving towards the centre of density then how long does it take for an electron to turn pi radians?