Gravity and London's Force

I've blogged about the propensity of a mass to emit electrons. The resulting equal and opposite reaction force that is gravity is caused when an electron is emitted from the center of mass. Trying to dissect this force leads us to the atomic level where we encounter the London forces.

The London force is easiest to picture when we consider the noble gasses as these atoms don't make complicated bonds. Diatomic molecules tend to stick together but will still have inter-molecular interactions with the material that surrounds them. More complicated molecular structures will tend towards a balanced state that will have London forces of their own.

Imagine two helium atoms coming together with a certain amount of kinetic energy. Current models have it that these atoms will have electrons on their outskirts that are moving at a real fraction of the speed of light (aprox. 1%). The electrons will interact first and will not want to share space. It is relatively likely that one of the electrons will take off and the rest will attempt to balance charge and momentum.

As an electron takes off from the local center of mass the rest of the mass will be pushed in the opposite direction so as to conserve momentum. This push will happen throughout a mass. The push tends towards the center of mass because the electron is carrying momentum in the opposite direction. At least this is a tendency. This tendency may be repeated many trillions of times in a mass. The net result is a force called gravity.

The 'Magnetic Field' and Spinning Electrons

The biggest mystery I see in the physics of electromagnetics and electrical engineering concerns Heaviside's four equations representing Maxwell's equations in vector calculus form. The Gauss-Maxwell equations dictate the shape of the fields as they were observed before Bohr's model of the atom took hold. The Ampere-Maxwell equation dictates current flow and it's relationship to the 'magnetic' field. The magnetic field was a construct necessary before we could understand how a lattice of metal ions related to free electrons and bound electrons. Finally the Faraday-Maxwell equation describes the first derivative of the Ampere-Maxwell with respect to time. This is critical for understanding how the electromotive force is generated.

The Ampere-Maxwell and Faraday-Maxwell equations seem to work both ways. That is to say the Ampere-Maxwell equation is often made reference with respect to the magnetic field forming around a conductor. But the curl of the current of an electromagnet also produces the straight portion of the magnetic field. Likewise with the Faraday-Maxwell equation the curl of an electron field produces a change in the magnetic field. The opposite is true. The change in a a magnetic field causes a curl in the electric field. We use this equation to explain electric generators and electric motors.

Many of the applications where we see magnetic fields set up are around conductors. Conductors are the most common place to find free electrons carrying charge. We know from the telegraphers' equations that there are parasitic leaking of charge from the conductor in the form of conductance and I will add capacitance and inductance. In the case of inductance the parasitic electrons eddy out around the dielectric surrounding the conductor. This creates a curl of the electron field surrounding a conductor with a net drift velocity of its electrons.

The curl vector from vector calculus of the electron field is proportional to the magnetic field lines. Magnetism is just electrons moving in a curling manner. Previous blog posts sought to explain how the curl of the electrons leads to attraction and repulsion of magnetic solids or current carrying wires. Explaining magnetic phenomenon any other way may be difficult enough to prove truth to the circulating electrons. Perhaps X-ray imaging of time lapsed magnetic phenomenon can answer questions at the Government Labs in Oakridge, Switzerland or Sandia.   

Using the Biefeld-Brown Effect to Measure the Ion Acceleration Distribution,and Ion Quantity

The Biefeld-Brown Device (BBD) is an electric condenser which normally uses the electromotive force to accelerate electrons from the anode of the condenser towards the cathode. The cathode has been found to be more efficient when it has a large surface area. The telegrapher's equations jump to mind quickly as the conductance parameter (G) will measure the ion exchange with the environment outside the BBD. Specifically the electrons will travel through the air and ultimately interact with the air to give levitation. L and C parameters will begin to describe the flux of the flow of ions around the BBD.

There will be a real difference between the telegrapher's parameters at the anode and the cathode of the BBD as they are oriented differently with respect to the ground and they have a different mechanical shape. Electrical properties with respect to the emission of electrons and the propensity to accept electrons at the anode compared with the cathode.

But what can we use this BBD to do in order to understand the electromagnetic properties of gravity and how ions behave to give us the gravitational effect described in previous posts? If a BBD is able to levitate in a YouTube video we have to wonder what the ion exchange looks like on either side of a BBD levitation. We have the ground 'firing' electrons one way and we have the condenser at 30 kV or above firing electrons in the opposite direction.

The anode is well hidden by being smaller helping more of the cathode's emitted electrons counter those electrons coming from the Earth.

What is of real interest is that the electrons leaving the cathode do so in a discrete manner. What does the discrete distribution of electron emissions look like? How many electrons leave the cathode over what period of time? Over a small and discrete period of time how many electrons leave the cathode? It would seam that the Poisson distribution would be a good place to start for any analysis. If we knew what sort of ion distribution levitated a BBD we would have clues to the nature of gravity's electron launch and ion pull described in previous posts.

The Poisson distribution tends to fit behaviour that is discrete. Also as one breaks the time scale into increasingly smaller slices all events should fit in a separate slice of time. The rate of electron emission taken to the power of the number of electron emissions observed in a time period is multiplied by Euler's constant to the negative power of the rate of electrons emitted from the cathode. Now we divide by the factorial of number of electrons emitted from the cathode in the observed period. That is the Poisson distribution applied to the BBD cathode.

Also, important data points are the speed and acceleration profile of the electrons as they leave the cathode. For the exact same reason our interest in the distributions of ions leaving the cathode of the BBD we want to know how the BBD accelerates electrons into a drift velocity in the air underneath the device or in the ground.

The distribution of electron emission from the cathode of the BBD, the acceleration, drift velocity of electrons of a BBD would help us understand how gravity really works.

Safety of a Biefeld–Brown Type Device

In electrical discipline of the transportation industry it is necessary to get the potential hazard rate below the tolerable hazard rate of ten to the negative nine hazards per hour. Can this potential hazard rate be achieved using a Biefeld–Brown effect type device as an aircraft. Two questions may be asked: are Biefeld–Brown effect devices safe for travel with people on board and are Biefeld-Brown remote controlled drones safe for use at all according to North American or British case law.

Any practical Biefeld–Brown device that was able to carry a person will require in excess of 50 kV to 200 kV with the anode pointed up. The apparatus is really a condenser with a power supply and an electric generator. This blog post will limit its scope to the most safety critical items the subsystem containing the high voltage electrostatic generator and the condenser assembly itself.

It is so critical to note that if the device has a person on board they will be very close to a high voltage negative condenser plate which may or may not be spinning (see Searle effect). Compounding the problem, Biefeld–Brown devices aren't exactly heavy lifters. It would be hard enough to fit the requisite generation equipment on-board with a pilot. How would such an apparatus lower its hazard of touch potential under cramped circumstances?

A strong dielectric material would help but, again, fitting everything is such a cramped space would yield a potential touch potential hazard rate well in excess of the transportation tolerable hazard rate of ten to the negative nine hazards per hour. MIL-STD-882E specifies the safety requirements and method for achieving a suitably low hazard rate for an aircraft or aircraft subsystem. The condenser may require Electronics Parts Reliability Data data to infer rates that would allow compatibility with 217Plus:2015.

So would a remote controlled drone work? This machine could be lighter as it does not need to carry a person or the associated fuel. A lighter aircraft could use a lower condenser voltage. This voltage would still need to be 30 kV to 80 kV and would be hazardous if the drone were to crash. This type of high voltage drone should not be used in areas with any population density. 

References:

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biefeld%E2%80%93Brown_effect

United Sates of America Department of Defense, System Safety: Standard Practice MIL-STD-882E, Ohio, U.S.A., 2012.

RiAC, Electronic Parts Reliability Data-2014, Up-state New York, U.S.A., 2014.

RiAC, 217Plus:2015, Up-state New York, U.S.A., 2015. 

Gravity and Electron Emission from Mass

The Poisson distribution might just be the right distribution to model the occurrences of high linear velocities of electrons in a small volume within a mass. The mass will seem to emit electrons in a direction generally towards the periphery of the mass at a high rate of linear speed rather than the Bohr type angular rates of speed of electrons surrounding a nucleus generally travel at within the mass.

The Poisson distribution would specify a discrete number of electron jumps from a mass or from a small volume within a mass. The rate parameter of the Poisson distribution will reflect how many jumps per unit volume will occur during a given nanosecond. Due to negative charge density the jump will tend to be from the center of mass toward the periphery of the mass.

If we break a mass into layers from the center of mass to the periphery of the mass we will find the same thing as we examine each layer. The interior side of the layer will have a higher negative charge density than the exterior. Electrons will tend to want to pop or accelerate outwards towards areas where there is less particulate mass.

This acceleration of electrons almost looks like an electromotive force. If electrons are pushing outwards then what of the return path? Electrons likely return in a drift velocity that is much slower and more orderly than the outward pushing or popping electrons. This effect can be modeled as a dieract delta function being propagated down a thin strip-line on a printed circuit board. The voltage/current waveform hits the termination or load and returns to the power supply along a wide ground plane. The forces on a printed circuit board are most often negligible but it is important to understand the fast-signal slower-return dynamic associated with electronics.

It is not known how this would even be measured at the present time. Because gravitational masses are so large and involve so many counter-balanced interactions it is very hard to pick them apart. One might have to imagine a smaller mass suspended in space. Regardless of the imagined mass, the interactions will follow a similar pattern. How would we compare the number of electron accelerations within a cm cubed at the Earth's surface vs. the number of electron accelerations one meter deeper.

The gravity force comes from an acceleration of charge (electron) away from the center of mass. Electrons, with their much smaller mass, will tend to fly off compared with a proton or a neutron. The return of mass and charge will seem to happen instantaneously. Mass will be dragged down to back-fill the escaped electron. Furthermore, charge balance will dictate that electrons will be attracted back into the place of the escaped electron.

I'm having trouble putting equations into the blog.

[1] Faraci, V., Spares Optimization Algorithm for Calculating Recommended Spares, J. RiAC, Third Quarter, 2008.

[2] www.wikipedia.org, Poisson Distribution, August, 2016.

Bar Magnets

It is much easier to draw a bar magnet with magnetic field lines surrounding it than helices of electrons traveling largely in a circular fashion. Well here is a drawing.

This drawing is a poor way to convey the circular path an electron takes around a bar magnet. Between the two magnets there are interactions between the two curling fields of electrons moving with opposing curls. It is likely that these fields interact and scatter matter such that a negative relative pressure is created. This lack of pressure pulls the two bar magnets together.

The Maxwell-Gauss magnetism equation traditionally defines this elliptical field. That is to say if we take the vector calculus curl of the electron movement fields we arrive at the magnetic field strength and direction. That vector field can be related to the Maxwell-Gauss magnetism equation. Otherwise, the Maxwell-Gauss magnetism equation is simply a vector calculus identity to be found in any vector calc text book.

Between the two bar magnets, in the gas or vacuum, there is likely to be centrifugence where the electrons leave the bar magnet and centripetence where the electrons enter the opposing bar magnet.

It will be harder to draw like poles of bar magnets repelling.

Electric - Magnetic Model for a Planet

We know that electrons move at a rate of speed many, many orders of maginitude faster than an iron nucleus. The electron moves with a root mean squared speed of 1% the speed of light. Electrons can move much faster than half the speed of light if they can get going in a straight line for any length of time. We now have to ask ourselves what this does to the momentum of the electron and how to model this in a large mass.

Electrons are incredibly hard to picture. They are extremely small. They have an ability to travel at extreme speeds. When an electron flows away from the center of a mass it has a higher ability to accelerate and it travels faster in general. This might be modeled as a collection of thin wires leading from the center of a planet out to the cold plasma surrounding the planet. In fact, it comprises all of the particles within the 'sphere' of gravitational and 'magnetic' influence. Small wire - fast electrons - with a greater ability to accelerate.

In reality one electron does not begin and continue to accelerate from the center of mass. Due to the size of the electrons and their more loose bonding to their surroundings electrons will have an ability to drift outwards with an instantaneous velocity. This velocity likely increases towards the periphery of a large mass as the density of the material is likely less due to the weaker force field of gravity.

If electrons flow from the center of a mass to the periphery they much regain charge balance through another process. This process is different. Imagine fewer thicker, heavier gauge, wires funneling current back towards the center of mass from the periphery. These wires become thinner as they get closer to the center of mass. At the center of mass we can likely look to the London Dispersion Forces to get a clearer picture of what is going on. This is a post that has already been written to this blog.

Thinner wires at the center of a large mass with thicker return wires compared with 'hot' wires on the way out. This model shows us that differing impedances can exist within one, very large, electrical system. The force imbalance leads to an equal and opposite force imbalance that we know as gravity.