"Well of course gravity is not magnetic" any respectable scientist would say. Physics and Wikipedia specify a law for gravity and a set of functions describing magnetism as a subset of the field of electromagnetism. The truth all discerning scientists will discover is that gravity and magnetism are both ionic - velocity related forces relying on the statistics of large numbers to exert force from one body to another.
Magnetism works through electrons spinning around atoms in a regular pattern. This large school of spinning electrons protrudes into the dielectric material surrounding a magnetic body. The electrons follow the 'magnetic' field lines around to backfill the electrons in the magnetic material. The spins must line up and if you trace the magnetic field lines you will find they do. A diagram is included in a previous blog post.
The 'magnetic' fields of spinning electrons attract and repel magnetic bodies with beautiful symmetry. This symmetry is well documented through Maxwell's Equations specifically the Ampere-Maxwell equation. What isn't well documented are the physics of the actual attraction and repulsion. To explore magneto-attraction more I would refer the reader to a few previous blog posts where I explore the matter in more detail. Clearly the magneto-attraction involves the spin of many electrons concurrently as well as the collision of electrons and ions causing the attraction or repulsion of mass between the two magnetic bodies.
Gravity also involves large numbers of electrons and ions moving in particular ways to provide attractive force. The only concept that may be seen as a repulsive analog to gravity is the Biefeld–Brown effect but this effect is poorly documented. The gravity force is the result of the statistical tendency of electrons to be accelerated one way and then to be attracted back in the opposite direction due to charge balancing. This concept is explored in many of this blog's previous posts.
Contrasting the ionic statistical movements of gravity and magnetism is well worth thinking about for any physicist or chemist. The root mean squared speed of electrons is extremely high compared with the RMS speed of the ions they surround. This means that the electrons will seem to reach out and exert a force on surrounding material in the case of gravity and magnetism.
Wednesday 26 October 2016
Saturday 22 October 2016
Telegraphers' Equations Revisited
Today I'll revisit the telegraphers' theory. It all seems so obvious nobody stops to ponder the particle (electron) dynamics of the telegraphers view of electricity and how it moves around. The equations were advanced by Heaviside and apply to power distribution as much or more as they apply to information signal distribution. This model applies to small traces on printed circuit boards as well as integrated circuits and long distance power transmission lines between cities.
A power or signal electrical transmission line can be modeled by series resistances measured in ohms per meter. In series with the resistance the telegraphers' model specifies an inductance. We shunt a capacitance and a conductance. Briefly, the resistance represents electrons resisting flow as they smash into the lattice of the transmission line. Inductance has classically been thought of the generation of a magnetic field by moving electrons. Capacitance between the transmission wire and the return stores energy in the electric field. Conductance is the flow of electrons between the transmission wire and the return. In the case of a differential signal both wires are transmission wires.
Resistance is the impedance to the flow of electrons through a wire. The electrons are accelerated by a classical electrical field. These electrons often travel at a fraction of the speed of light. At this high rate of speed the electrons often slam into a copper nucleus which has a mass ten thousand times higher than the offending electron. The vibration imparted to the copper nucleus causes heat in the copper lattice. The electrons accelerate each other through more interactions and the power of the electrons propagates down the wire.
Inductance may be the least well understood impedance ever. Inductance infers an induced magnetic field if you believe in magnetic fields. I'll submit that the induced field is simply (simply is a bad way to state it) a field of curling or spinning electrons. A certain statistical amount of all the electrons that are traveling down a wire each meter will eject themselves from the wire and spin out into the dielectric. The dielectric could be a polymer or simply the air. All of these dielectric substances contain molecules that the 'hot' electrons can orbit. The nature of these orbits has not been well characterized by physicists. It is most important to note that a certain percentage of electrons ejected from a wire each meter will orbit in the dielectric and end up right back on the wire creating the characteristic 'paddle wheel' or 'magnetic' energy storage effect.
Capacitance is another energy storage mechanism whereby electrons ejected from a wire will store energy. The build up of electrons in the dielectric region between the transmission wire and the return wire of any electrical system. Capacitance in Farads per meter represents the electrons that leave the transmission wire (and or return wire) but don't make their way toward the return wire in the case where they left the transmission wire. These electrons just hang out in the dielectric outside the transmitting or conducting zone.
Finally, conductance shows us that electrons are definitely ejected from 'hot' wires. These electrons make their way, statistically, to fill holes on the return wire assuming the transmission wire was negatively charged in the first place.
There are currently no good statistics showing what the path looks like for an electron that experiences the inductive spin, the capacitive hang or the conductive path form wire to wire. Capacitance and inductance involve an electron leaving one wire and landing back on that self same wire whilst resistance and conductance in the telegraphers' equations refer to an elongated path or a shortened path for electron travel in the case where the electromotive force has exerted itself on a group of electrons traveling over some sort of transmission line.
A power or signal electrical transmission line can be modeled by series resistances measured in ohms per meter. In series with the resistance the telegraphers' model specifies an inductance. We shunt a capacitance and a conductance. Briefly, the resistance represents electrons resisting flow as they smash into the lattice of the transmission line. Inductance has classically been thought of the generation of a magnetic field by moving electrons. Capacitance between the transmission wire and the return stores energy in the electric field. Conductance is the flow of electrons between the transmission wire and the return. In the case of a differential signal both wires are transmission wires.
Resistance is the impedance to the flow of electrons through a wire. The electrons are accelerated by a classical electrical field. These electrons often travel at a fraction of the speed of light. At this high rate of speed the electrons often slam into a copper nucleus which has a mass ten thousand times higher than the offending electron. The vibration imparted to the copper nucleus causes heat in the copper lattice. The electrons accelerate each other through more interactions and the power of the electrons propagates down the wire.
Inductance may be the least well understood impedance ever. Inductance infers an induced magnetic field if you believe in magnetic fields. I'll submit that the induced field is simply (simply is a bad way to state it) a field of curling or spinning electrons. A certain statistical amount of all the electrons that are traveling down a wire each meter will eject themselves from the wire and spin out into the dielectric. The dielectric could be a polymer or simply the air. All of these dielectric substances contain molecules that the 'hot' electrons can orbit. The nature of these orbits has not been well characterized by physicists. It is most important to note that a certain percentage of electrons ejected from a wire each meter will orbit in the dielectric and end up right back on the wire creating the characteristic 'paddle wheel' or 'magnetic' energy storage effect.
Capacitance is another energy storage mechanism whereby electrons ejected from a wire will store energy. The build up of electrons in the dielectric region between the transmission wire and the return wire of any electrical system. Capacitance in Farads per meter represents the electrons that leave the transmission wire (and or return wire) but don't make their way toward the return wire in the case where they left the transmission wire. These electrons just hang out in the dielectric outside the transmitting or conducting zone.
Finally, conductance shows us that electrons are definitely ejected from 'hot' wires. These electrons make their way, statistically, to fill holes on the return wire assuming the transmission wire was negatively charged in the first place.
There are currently no good statistics showing what the path looks like for an electron that experiences the inductive spin, the capacitive hang or the conductive path form wire to wire. Capacitance and inductance involve an electron leaving one wire and landing back on that self same wire whilst resistance and conductance in the telegraphers' equations refer to an elongated path or a shortened path for electron travel in the case where the electromotive force has exerted itself on a group of electrons traveling over some sort of transmission line.
Monday 17 October 2016
Spherical Warping and Gravity
Imagine for the sake of example a flat Earth. Many layers of flat ferrous, silica and carbon making up a flat Earth. We bend the flat layers one at a time to turn the flat layers into a sphere. The electrons on the concave side will tend to repel each other. These electrons will tend to push outwards as the material bends. Given that the root mean square speed of electrons at room temperature may be one one hundredth the speed of light. It is highly likely that the electrons will pop out of the convex side at a high velocity. Charge balance will tend to pull electrons in to fill the void.
The pop or acceleration of inside electrons is countered by the charge balance that must bring these particles back. The force of gravity permeates everything as it is composed of the basic neutron, proton and electron combination.
When the flat earth model is bent the electron concentration tends to be higher on the inside or on the concave side. Electrons move extremely fast and they will balance themselves quickly.
The pop or acceleration of inside electrons is countered by the charge balance that must bring these particles back. The force of gravity permeates everything as it is composed of the basic neutron, proton and electron combination.
When the flat earth model is bent the electron concentration tends to be higher on the inside or on the concave side. Electrons move extremely fast and they will balance themselves quickly.
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