So I was just reading The Economist and this publication was reporting that complicated magnets were getting easier to manufacture into mechanical pieces with tolerances of 1 mm or less. Oak Ridge National Laboratories is working on building stators for motors and generators.
Lets review how magnets work. Electrons often spin and engage in circular motion around the atomic nucleus. The electrons will have angular momentum a physicist will say. If an electron is spinning in a circular manner inside the lattice of a magnet it will leave the lattice or interact with electrons outside of the lattice. The angular momentum will propagate along magnetic field lines until it re-enters the magnet at the other pole of the magnet. The angular momentum will have to add up.
Therefore, we have net spinning of electrons inside a magnet's lattice and around the lattice of the magnet in the air around the magnet. If one puts a piece of paper on the magnet and sprinkle iron filings on the paper the iron filings will line up with the magnet's so called 'field' of spinning electrons.
The radius of the spin of the electrons should be of great focus. Perhaps the new X-Ray machines, developed at the accelerator labs, will shed a light on statistics for electron movement relating to magnetic effects.
The interactions between any two electrons must be viewed statistically. Looking at a small magnet the interactions between any two electrons can be modeled statistically as a Poisson arrival. If we look at fields of spinning electrons around a magnet there will be regions where the electrons move together and regions where the electrons react with each other more violently.
Where electrons are spinning in opposite directions we have many and more violent interactions. Electrons will scatter and they will take the positively charged ions with them. This kind of interaction happens where magnetic field lines of one direction are very near to magnetic field lines pointed in the opposite direction.
All of the scattering allows the air to tend towards vacuum and the magnets pull together. If the magnets do not pull together air quickly back fills itself such that no observable vacuum of any sort develops.
Sunday, 27 November 2016
Saturday, 19 November 2016
Reverse Galton Box and Electromagnetism Causing the Gravitational Effect
You may have observed a Galton box. These contraptions knock beans back and forth until they settle into a binomial distributed bell curve. Imagine turning the contraption upside down and watching what happens to the electrons as the beans fall.
If electrons are accelerated from the center of mass by like-charge repulsion along the electric field lines there will be a drift velocity for these charges. The electrons move at a speed about 1-5% of the speed of light. Lots of kinetic energy is involved when n electrons push outwards from the center of mass. These electrons will bounce like Galton objects in the Bean Machine box. Ultimately many Beta particles will radiate from the Earth's atmosphere.
As I've said on previous blog posts the sheer number of events where a build up of negative charge cause an electron to be accelerated rapidly towards a region of lower density. Due to the massive velocity imbalance between electrons and their associated nucleus we see a tendency towards outward acceleration (slower) mass is accelerated towards the center of mass.
The Poisson equation helps us understand how gravity works. At a certain distance from the center of mass there will be lambda excess accelerated electrons outwards from the center of mass. Lambda is said to be the rate parameter. Therefore, lambda to the power of the mean number of excess electrons accelerated from that position multiplied by Euler's constant to the power of negative lambda. Divide all this by the factorial of the mean number of electrons and presto one has the probability in one interval that force is generated away from the center of mass. Of course we know Newton's laws and for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Large mass is accelerated inwards in what we normally call gravity.
If electrons are accelerated from the center of mass by like-charge repulsion along the electric field lines there will be a drift velocity for these charges. The electrons move at a speed about 1-5% of the speed of light. Lots of kinetic energy is involved when n electrons push outwards from the center of mass. These electrons will bounce like Galton objects in the Bean Machine box. Ultimately many Beta particles will radiate from the Earth's atmosphere.
As I've said on previous blog posts the sheer number of events where a build up of negative charge cause an electron to be accelerated rapidly towards a region of lower density. Due to the massive velocity imbalance between electrons and their associated nucleus we see a tendency towards outward acceleration (slower) mass is accelerated towards the center of mass.
The Poisson equation helps us understand how gravity works. At a certain distance from the center of mass there will be lambda excess accelerated electrons outwards from the center of mass. Lambda is said to be the rate parameter. Therefore, lambda to the power of the mean number of excess electrons accelerated from that position multiplied by Euler's constant to the power of negative lambda. Divide all this by the factorial of the mean number of electrons and presto one has the probability in one interval that force is generated away from the center of mass. Of course we know Newton's laws and for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction. Large mass is accelerated inwards in what we normally call gravity.
Sunday, 13 November 2016
Observing at Particles in Large Numbers
What can we say about the observation of particles in large numbers. It is easy to observe a vortex or a tendency to spin. When a large number of particles sheer past each other there is a tendency to spin towards a vortex.
Positively charged is an interesting way of looking at a population of particles. Conversely negatively charged particles implies particles with an abundance of electrons that are moving at a high rate of speed around the larger particles. Did earlier scientists simply mistake differing speeds of particles with the concept of positive and negative charge.
The speed of a large number of particles are often observed to be much slower than the sum of the instantaneous speeds measured. The root mean squared speed of a gas is far faster than the observed speed which may be zero. The root mean squared speed of electrons in a conductor is very fast. Further, electron accelerations due to the electromotive force is fast as well. The real drift velocity of a group of electrons in a conductor is altogether slow.
The terminal velocity of a mass is inevitably linked to a group velocity of the particles. So an accelerated mass is slowed by a building pressure will terminate in a velocity. Likewise a group of electrons accelerated by an electromotive force will collide with the lattice of a conductor and develop a group velocity or drift velocity.
Accelerating large numbers of particles often results in a group velocity.
Positively charged is an interesting way of looking at a population of particles. Conversely negatively charged particles implies particles with an abundance of electrons that are moving at a high rate of speed around the larger particles. Did earlier scientists simply mistake differing speeds of particles with the concept of positive and negative charge.
The speed of a large number of particles are often observed to be much slower than the sum of the instantaneous speeds measured. The root mean squared speed of a gas is far faster than the observed speed which may be zero. The root mean squared speed of electrons in a conductor is very fast. Further, electron accelerations due to the electromotive force is fast as well. The real drift velocity of a group of electrons in a conductor is altogether slow.
The terminal velocity of a mass is inevitably linked to a group velocity of the particles. So an accelerated mass is slowed by a building pressure will terminate in a velocity. Likewise a group of electrons accelerated by an electromotive force will collide with the lattice of a conductor and develop a group velocity or drift velocity.
Accelerating large numbers of particles often results in a group velocity.
Saturday, 12 November 2016
Is Gravity a One Way Force?
Gravity seems so simple. It pulls forcefully towards the center of large bodies of matter. In previous blog posts it has been suggested that the force of gravity is simply a large additive force that is equal and opposite to ejected electrons that find themselves repelled from each other because of their negative charge and their high velocity. Larger bodies made of neutrons and protons find themselves inevitably pulled towards the center of mass.
The electromagnetic pull of gravity is a direct result of the fact that electron charge surrounds the more positive and slower ions that make up so much of the matter we observe. The question then becomes is gravity a one way force: down. Certainly when we look at large bodies of over thirty molecules or atoms gravity seems to fit. Gravity is ultimately an equal and opposite reaction to the multitude of accelerations due to the charged electrons coming together due to a three dimensional shape.
How then do we explain an atmosphere? A lower density surrounding to a higher density planet. Nitrogen and Oxygen diatomic molecules seem to have no problem hovering above the Earth's surface. If gravity is the culmination of billions of electron interactions then the outward collisions must be additive and significant. A clear buoyancy of gas molecules hangs above a more dense solid planet. Buoyancy and relative density play a role.
As the electrons try to fire away from other electrons and a dense core; protons, neutrons and electrons are drawn in to fill a mass and charge gap. A spherical planet will have a natural electron pressure develop towards the center of mass and continuing outwards. The sheer root mean squared velocity of the electrons and the energy involved in their collisions will, using Markov statistics, allow for a build up of kinetic energy in certain electrons with a regular statistical frequency.
The law of large numbers causes the Markov statistics to settle over billions of atoms to a gravity force that is very stable given the mass of large protons and neutrons that are drawn towards the center of mass.
Is gravity a one way force? Certainly not. Buoyancy and rising heat are examples of counter gravitational force. Electrons moving at extreme speeds will also experience a fly against gravity. The very equal and opposite reaction force to the electrons flying away is the gravitational force.
The electromagnetic pull of gravity is a direct result of the fact that electron charge surrounds the more positive and slower ions that make up so much of the matter we observe. The question then becomes is gravity a one way force: down. Certainly when we look at large bodies of over thirty molecules or atoms gravity seems to fit. Gravity is ultimately an equal and opposite reaction to the multitude of accelerations due to the charged electrons coming together due to a three dimensional shape.
How then do we explain an atmosphere? A lower density surrounding to a higher density planet. Nitrogen and Oxygen diatomic molecules seem to have no problem hovering above the Earth's surface. If gravity is the culmination of billions of electron interactions then the outward collisions must be additive and significant. A clear buoyancy of gas molecules hangs above a more dense solid planet. Buoyancy and relative density play a role.
As the electrons try to fire away from other electrons and a dense core; protons, neutrons and electrons are drawn in to fill a mass and charge gap. A spherical planet will have a natural electron pressure develop towards the center of mass and continuing outwards. The sheer root mean squared velocity of the electrons and the energy involved in their collisions will, using Markov statistics, allow for a build up of kinetic energy in certain electrons with a regular statistical frequency.
The law of large numbers causes the Markov statistics to settle over billions of atoms to a gravity force that is very stable given the mass of large protons and neutrons that are drawn towards the center of mass.
Is gravity a one way force? Certainly not. Buoyancy and rising heat are examples of counter gravitational force. Electrons moving at extreme speeds will also experience a fly against gravity. The very equal and opposite reaction force to the electrons flying away is the gravitational force.
Saturday, 5 November 2016
Two - Mass and Charge Exploration
My son's favourite number is two. I explore number theory at work to maximize safety and availability and two is a number with some interesting properties. For example between Gauss and Franklin charge has been built into two categories - positive and negative. Electrons and nucleus-es have other dichotomies of light and heavy as well as fast and less fast. What is the energy balance between an electron and its nucleus if the electron contains a higher ratio of its energy as kinetic energy and the nucleus contains a relatively higher ratio of its energy in mass (times the speed of light squared).
Charge is an interesting concept. The interaction of two categories of particles has given us a model that we term positive and negative. These charges repel like and are generally attracted to unlike charges. This may be a little over-simplified. We know that on Earth mass is attracted to mass through developed theories such as the London Forces and Gravity. Under this kind of intense pressure electrons will fill an important role being observed by their interaction with nucleus-es. These negative charges move at extreme speeds of over one percent of the speed of light at times. The number of interactions that an electron will have with various nucleus-es is hard to calculate without a well considered stochastic model.
Add to the hypothesis that two sets of particles are heavy and light. It is rare to see a well developed comparison of the momentum of these two types of particles. If we look directly at conventional physics a nucleus will contain more energy in the form of mass through the e=mc squared equality. The root mean squared speed of this more massive nucleus is only a small fraction of the speed relating to the mighty mouse styled electron.
Finally, electrons are fast. It is highly likely that no matter how tightly you bond your Rutherford model to the nucleus; electrons will find their way around a large mass quickly. Free of any nucleus, as we find in the plasmas of space, the electron will tend to travel straight without the torque of its opposing charge. The speed these particles travel at is extreme. Alpha, Beta and Gamma particles all fly at extreme speeds and behave like a ray. Why wouldn't they? There is not enough interaction between the particles to cause torque and the behaviours we witness on Earth.
More thought has to be given to the relativistic quantities observed in the interaction of atoms. The electron's energy in contained in kinetic, mass and charge models. How does this change as speeds begin to approach the speed of light? All questions worth answering as we take steps towards a deeper understanding of the physics of electromagnetism.
Charge is an interesting concept. The interaction of two categories of particles has given us a model that we term positive and negative. These charges repel like and are generally attracted to unlike charges. This may be a little over-simplified. We know that on Earth mass is attracted to mass through developed theories such as the London Forces and Gravity. Under this kind of intense pressure electrons will fill an important role being observed by their interaction with nucleus-es. These negative charges move at extreme speeds of over one percent of the speed of light at times. The number of interactions that an electron will have with various nucleus-es is hard to calculate without a well considered stochastic model.
Add to the hypothesis that two sets of particles are heavy and light. It is rare to see a well developed comparison of the momentum of these two types of particles. If we look directly at conventional physics a nucleus will contain more energy in the form of mass through the e=mc squared equality. The root mean squared speed of this more massive nucleus is only a small fraction of the speed relating to the mighty mouse styled electron.
Finally, electrons are fast. It is highly likely that no matter how tightly you bond your Rutherford model to the nucleus; electrons will find their way around a large mass quickly. Free of any nucleus, as we find in the plasmas of space, the electron will tend to travel straight without the torque of its opposing charge. The speed these particles travel at is extreme. Alpha, Beta and Gamma particles all fly at extreme speeds and behave like a ray. Why wouldn't they? There is not enough interaction between the particles to cause torque and the behaviours we witness on Earth.
More thought has to be given to the relativistic quantities observed in the interaction of atoms. The electron's energy in contained in kinetic, mass and charge models. How does this change as speeds begin to approach the speed of light? All questions worth answering as we take steps towards a deeper understanding of the physics of electromagnetism.
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