Asymmetric Capacitors and Force

NASA published the paper Asymmetrical Capacitors for Propulsion by Canning et al. and the American Institute of Physics published High Efficiency Lifter Based on the Biefeld-Brown Effect by Einat and Kalderon. The Army Research Laboratory published Force on an Asymmetric Capacitor by Bahder and Fazi.

Asymmetric capacitors most likely cause electrons or ions to go ballistic in the space between the two electrodes. Many of the ballistic electrons likely overshoot the small electrode causing a net momentum increase above the capacitor. Momentum is conserved and larger ions and even molecules drift towards the larger electrode.

The momentum is very concentrated at the bottom of the capacitor because the velocity of the particles is far less than those ions moving in a ballistic manner in the opposite direction. The drift ions most likely undergo many collisions with other molecules and move in a slower manner causing pressure at the far end of the larger electrode.

Ballistic movement of small particles in one direction towards the small electrode. This causes a drift movement of molecules in the other direction, towards the large electrode, causing a pressure differential. This will cause a net force pointing from the large electrode towards the small electrode.